The General Linear Model
The General Linear Model provides a framework for analyzing arbitrary univariate or multivariate regression, anova and ancova models. In Stata the manova command is used to fit general linear models, SAS calls the procedure proc glm.
H = A'(CB)'(C(X'X)-1C')-1(CB)A
E = A'(Y'Y - B'(X'X)B)A
where B = (X'X)-1X'Y
The A matrix operates on the dependent variables while the C matrix operates on the independent variables.
Consider the Design
manova y1 y2 = a b;
with a having 3 levels and b having 2 levels, the parameter vector is:
To test all the pairwise differences among the levels of a, use the following C matrices in the manovatest command:
C1 = (0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0)
C2 = (0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0)
C3 = (0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0)
(μ α1 α2 α3 β1 β2)
manova y1 y2 = a b manovatest , test(C1) manovatest , test(C2) manovatest , test(C3)
Dependent Variables
The A matrix is also used in the manovatest command, for example, consider the difference in two dependent variables:
A = (1, -1)
manova y1 y2 = a b manovatest a, ytransform(A)
Memory Test
Remember the Linear model form Ed230B/C
Yij = μ + αj + εij The effect parameter: αj = μj - μ
Coding
Using dummy coding for two groups
X0 = 1, X1 = 1 or 0, and X2 = 0 or 1
Which yields two equations in three unknowns. The system is rank deficient with no unique solution.
Let α1 = μ1 - μ and α2 = μ2 - μ
Hence: α1 + α2 = μ1 + μ2 - 2μ
and since 
thus, 
By constraining α1 + α2 = 0 leads to a set of equations which are not deficient rank.
Matrix Form
In matrix form
which is deficient rank.
Reparameterization
A more desireable way to manage deficient rank is to reparameterize, that is, choose to estimate two linear combinations of the parameters of Θ.
Let
Matrix Form
Thus,
Where C is the contrast matrix.
now Y = KΘ* + ε in which
K = (XC')(CC')-1. Thus
Assignment 9 Notes
For the purposes of Assignment 9, we will not use the two stage estimation process. By using our standard orthogonal coding we will take care of the reparameterization.
Here are the formulas for H and E without the A matrix:
B = (X'X)-1X'Y
H = (CB)'(C(X'X)-1C')-1(CB)
E = (Y'Y - B'(X'X)B)
To do Assignment 9, you will need to compute E once and compute H three times. The three H matrices are, one each for, a main effects, b main effects and a*b interaction.
Alternative GLM Formulation
where A operates on coefficients. B is the matrix of regression coefficients. C operates on dependent variables and D operates on H0's.
SSCP Matrices
Total = Model + Residual ST = SM + SR
Wilks' Lambda
Rao's F Approximation
Special Note Concerning s
If either the numerator or the dominator of s = 0 set s = 1.
Degrees of Freedom
Consider the Design
| B | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| b1 | b2 | b3 | ||
| y1 y2 | y1 y2 | y1 y2 | ||
| A | a1 | 32 16 29 11 | 34 17 30 13 | 33 18 30 15 |
| a2 | 34 19 27 10 | 33 15 32 12 | 31 17 31 14 | |
| a3 | 33 15 26 12 | 32 16 31 11 | 32 16 32 13 | |
input y1 y2 a b
32 16 1 1
29 11 1 1
34 17 1 2
30 13 1 2
33 18 1 3
30 15 1 3
34 19 2 1
27 10 2 1
33 15 2 2
32 12 2 2
31 17 2 3
31 14 2 3
33 15 3 1
26 12 3 1
32 16 3 2
31 11 3 2
32 16 3 3
32 13 3 3
end
manova y1 y2 = a b a*b
Number of obs = 18
W = Wilks' lambda L = Lawley-Hotelling trace
P = Pillai's trace R = Roy's largest root
Source | Statistic df F(df1, df2) = F Prob>F
-----------+--------------------------------------------------
Model | W 0.4623 8 16.0 16.0 0.47 0.9287 e
| P 0.5934 16.0 18.0 0.47 0.9299 a
| L 1.0429 16.0 14.0 0.46 0.9328 a
| R 0.9108 8.0 9.0 1.02 0.4808 u
|--------------------------------------------------
Residual | 9
-----------+--------------------------------------------------
a | W 0.9296 2 4.0 16.0 0.15 0.9609 e
| P 0.0705 4.0 18.0 0.16 0.9537 a
| L 0.0755 4.0 14.0 0.13 0.9680 a
| R 0.0733 2.0 9.0 0.33 0.7273 u
|--------------------------------------------------
b | W 0.6079 2 4.0 16.0 1.13 0.3772 e
| P 0.4203 4.0 18.0 1.20 0.3459 a
| L 0.5986 4.0 14.0 1.05 0.4179 a
| R 0.5071 2.0 9.0 2.28 0.1579 u
|--------------------------------------------------
a*b | W 0.7281 4 8.0 16.0 0.34 0.9351 e
| P 0.2753 8.0 18.0 0.36 0.9288 a
| L 0.3688 8.0 14.0 0.32 0.9437 a
| R 0.3555 4.0 9.0 0.80 0.5547 u
|--------------------------------------------------
Residual | 9
-----------+--------------------------------------------------
Total | 17
--------------------------------------------------------------
e = exact, a = approximate, u = upper bound on F
GLM Matrices
The Y matrix has 18 rows and two columns. One row for each subject in the design and one column for each dependent variable.
#delimit ; mat y = ( 32,16\ 29,11\ 34,17\ 30,13\ 33,18\ 30,15\ 34,19\ 27,10\ 33,15\ 32,12\ 31,17\ 31,14\ 33,15\ 26,12\ 32,16\ 31,11\ 32,16\ 32,13); #delimit cr mata; y = (32,16\29,11\34,17\30,13\33,18\30,15\34,19\27,10\33,15\32,12\31,17\31,14\33,15\26,12\32,16\31,11\32,16\32,13)
The X matrix contains the orthogonally coded independent variables for
classifying the observations into a 3x3 factorial design. The columns of the X matrix are:
x0 - grand mean
x1, x2 - A main effect
x3, x4 - B main effect
x5, x6, x7, x8 - A*B interaction
#delimit ; mat x = ( 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1\ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1\ 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1\ 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1\ 1, 1, 1, 0, -2, 0, -2, 0, -2\ 1, 1, 1, 0, -2, 0, -2, 0, -2\ 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1\ 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1\ 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1\ 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1\ 1, -1, 1, 0, -2, 0, 2, 0, -2\ 1, -1, 1, 0, -2, 0, 2, 0, -2\ 1, 0, -2, 1, 1, 0, 0, -2, -2\ 1, 0, -2, 1, 1, 0, 0, -2, -2\ 1, 0, -2, -1, 1, 0, 0, 2, -2\ 1, 0, -2, -1, 1, 0, 0, 2, -2\ 1, 0, -2, 0, -2, 0, 0, 0, 4\ 1, 0, -2, 0, -2, 0, 0, 0, 4); #delimit cr mata; x = (1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1\1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1\1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1\1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1\1, 1, 1, 0, -2, 0, -2, 0, -2\1, 1, 1, 0, -2, 0, -2, 0, -2\1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1\1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1\1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1\1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1\1, -1, 1, 0, -2, 0, 2, 0, -2\1, -1, 1, 0, -2, 0, 2, 0, -2\1, 0, -2, 1, 1, 0, 0, -2, -2\1, 0, -2, 1, 1, 0, 0, -2, -2\1, 0, -2, -1, 1, 0, 0, 2, -2\1, 0, -2, -1, 1, 0, 0, 2, -2\1, 0, -2, 0, -2, 0, 0, 0, 4\1, 0, -2, 0, -2, 0, 0, 0, 4)
L Matrices
You will need three L matrices. One each for A main effect, B main effect, and A*B interaction.
#delimit ; mat l = ( 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\ 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0); #delimit cr mata; l = (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
#delimit ; mat l = ( 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0); #delimit cr mata; l = (0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0)
#delimit ; mat l = ( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0\ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0\ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0\ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1); #delimit cr mata; l = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0\0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0\0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0\0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1)
GLM Formulas
B = (X'X)-1X'Y
H = (LB)'(L(X'X)-1L')-1(LB)
E = (Y'Y - B'(X'X)B)
Λ = det(E)/det(H + E)
Some Matrix Code
Stata Mata mat xx = x'*x xx = x'*x mat b = syminv(xx)*x'*y b = invsym(xx)*x'*y mat e = y'*y - b'*xx*b e = y'*y - b'*xx*b mat lb = l*b lb = l*b mat h = lb'*syminv(l*syminv(xx)*l')*lb h = lb'*invsym(l*invsym(xx)*l')*lb mat he = h + e scalar lambda = det(e)/det(he) lambda = det(e)/det(h + e) display lambda lambda
Ed231A Page
UCLA Department of Education
Phil Ender, 16nov05, 15apr05, 29Jan98